Lipids

Lipids are a large group of naturally occurring compound, characterized only by their water repellant property hence called hydrophobic. Their solubility in organic solvent is variable. Some are soluble in polar organic solvent like alcohol and other in non-polar solvents. Like hexane, benzene etc although many proteins and polysaccharides are also not soluble in water, they do not repel water. They are easily wetted by water, may absorb and swell with water hence called hydrophilic unlike the protein or carbohydrate the lipid have no specific functional group or linkage characterizing all of them although a majority belong to the group of oils and fats. 

Lipids like carbohydrates provide energy for work and life processes. They also form part of some structure in the cell membrane, wall of tissue and organ. The lipids also provide a non-aqueous medium in the body which helps in regulation of transport of many chemicals, due to their partition between lipid and aqueous layers. Thus lipids play an important role in living organism. Lipids also occur in conjugation with protein and are termed lipoproteins. 

They may be classified into 

1. Simple lipid
2. Phospholipids
3. Complex lipid.

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Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates are defined chemically as aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols or compounds which yield these derivatives on hydrolysis.  “Carbohydrate" means hydrated carbon, which indicates the relative proportion of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate. For example glucose has a molecular formula C6H12O6 .It also indicates that these are the only three elements in this group of natural compound. However, like the complex protein, some carbohydrate also may have amino group. 

Carbohydrates also have two major functions in living organisms:

• they provide energy needed for life processes.
• Some are parts of structural unit of cell and tissue especially in plant.

Simple carbohydrates are glucose, fructose, (both occur in fruits), lactose (occur in milk) and sucrose (cane sugar). Starch (rice, potato, maize) is a high molecular weight carbohydrate. 

Carbohydrates are classified on the basis of units of sugar present in the molecule as follows- 

1. monosaccharide 
2. disaccharides 
3. oligosaccharides 
4. polysaccharides.

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Amino Acid

Amino acid are the monomer unit or building block of the biopolymer protein amino acid contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional group attach acid are present in nature , in which only 20 are present in protein form all from of life plant, animal or microbial. Essential amino acid- those amino acid which are not synthesized in our body are called essential amino acid like histadine, isoleucine.

Non essential amino acid

Those amino acid which are synthesized in our body are called non essential amino acid like aspargin, aspartic acid, glutamic acid. Proteins are high molecular weight compound made up of number of amino acid. protein are also be defined as high molecular weight polymer of   amino acid joined together with peptide bond .protein is the polymerized form of peptide. Proteins are classified in three groups namely simple, conjugatedand derived protein. 

Simple proteins are also classified into sub group

Albumin, glutelins, albuminoids, histones, prolamines, globulin, globin protamine. Conjugated proteins are classified as: nucleoprotein, metalloprotein, lipoprotein, phosphoprotein, glycoprotein, chromoprotein. Structures of protein are classified as: primary structure secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure.

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